Program Term Archive
Animals in Laboratories
Rats, Mice, and Birds
Animals in LaboratoriesThe US does not include within its animal welfare laws and regulations the rats, mice, and birds who are bred for use in research. The federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA)...
Nonhuman Primates
Animals in LaboratoriesAccording to the US Department of Agriculture, in 2023 (the most recent year for which figures are available), the number of nonhuman primates (hereafter, “primates”) used in research, testing, and...
Where NAMs Fit in the Current Research Landscape
Animals in LaboratoriesThe rate of new approach methodologies (NAM) development varies among the different scientific purposes for which animals are used. According to a Scientific American article, we are much closer to...
NAM Techniques: In Chemico, In Vitro, In Silico
Animals in LaboratoriesNew approach methodologies (NAMs) can be divided into three broad categories, in chemico, in vitro, and in silico. In chemico is generally the simplest NAM technique, in which the chemical...
NAM Resources for Scientists
Animals in LaboratoriesFor those who are seeking funding for new approach methodologies (NAMs)-related research, or simply want to learn more about the use of NAMs in science, below is a curated list...
NAM Resources for Policymakers
Animals in LaboratoriesFor those seeking to learn about existing policies pertaining to the development, validation, and use of new approach methodologies (NAMs), below is a curated list of third-party links to relevant...
Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum (LAREF)
Animals in LaboratoriesThe purpose of the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum (LAREF) is the exchange of experiences about ways to improve the conditions under which animals in laboratories are housed and...
Report Concerns for Animals in Labs and Classrooms
Animals in LaboratoriesTens of millions of animals are used annually for research, testing, and education throughout the United States. Facilities that breed, hold, or use animals for scientific purposes are expected—at minimum—to...
The 3Rs
Animals in LaboratoriesIn 1959, a landmark book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, was published by William Russell, a zoologist, and Rex Burch, a microbiologist. As a foundation for the principles set...
Position Statement
Animals in LaboratoriesResearch must not be conducted on animals unless, at minimum, the research is planned and executed in accordance with the principles of the “3Rs” (replacement, reduction, refinement) of Russell and...